https://www.pxl.earth/research-all daily 0.75 2025-05-14 https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/biox2-a55wl monthly 0.5 2025-05-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1747262840347-AMWP4Q30Q21HKVF1K7GH/BEACON.png Research: All Projects - BEACON https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/vlf-b8lee monthly 0.5 2025-05-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660158139700-31YQ0P66UREL7Q5DYKLF/Venus_Pioneer_1979.png Research: All Projects - VENUSIAN - Venus absorbs in the ultraviolet (Copy) The atmosphere of Venus as viewed in ultraviolet by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter in 1979. The cause of the dark streaks in the clouds is not yet known [Wikipedia]. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1747262123553-0DET66SMCHNZXSFERMTP/VENUSIAN_a.png Research: All Projects - VENUSIAN https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1747262123741-NBD1MDE6J333BPXC4HO3/VENUSIAN_b.png Research: All Projects - VENUSIAN https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1747262125341-U1DWIDY0FB0FBXZL0YL7/VENUSIAN_c.png Research: All Projects - VENUSIAN https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/biox2 monthly 0.5 2025-05-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660068804873-6WS63KM1MBEJIECFXDNN/BioX2_v1_image.png Research: All Projects - BioX2 - Biological Exploration Payload 2 (BioX2) CAD model (Milad Mozayyani). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660068805132-ECRXJ1BUMQE3NYB05ID5/BioX2_v1_image2.png Research: All Projects - BioX2 - Biological Exploration Payload 2 (BioX2) prototype undergoing electrical testing. https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/elie monthly 0.5 2025-05-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660076444917-GM201O8KDS5T2DL4A3LP/ELIE_v1_image.png Research: All Projects - ELIE - Overview The Electronic Life-detection Instrument for Enceladus/Europa uses solid state quantum electron tunneling nanogaps to detect single molecules, enabling the search for life as we know it or don’t know it as part of future life detection missions. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660076446491-DJJ5I408KHF0WIFNUMPN/ELIE_v1_image2.png Research: All Projects - ELIE - Parabolic Flight Test (2019) Parabolic flight (2019) test of ELIE instrument prototype. Credit: Steve Boxall/Zero Gravity Corp. https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/boost monthly 0.5 2025-05-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660077385297-D3B4E1N04IA0DQLTPQ60/BOOST_image2.png Research: All Projects - BOOST - BOOST Overview The Bubble-based Ocean-worlds Organics Sample Trap (BOOST) will use bubble physics to concentrate organic materials from small molecules to whole cells, thus enabling improved detection limits in the search for life beyond Earth. https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/entero monthly 0.5 2025-05-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660078833461-ADBHRUVNRO95JQVRHUTN/Entero.png Research: All Projects - Entero - Entero Enterococcus Evolution in Space: Environmental Adaptations, Antibiotic Resistance, and Clinical Implications (Entero) project logo. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660078833589-AUOIDDNPWIHY2CXDPYWZ/Entero_image1_ISS_Ef_isolate_locations.png Research: All Projects - Entero - Enterococcus faecalis isolates on the International Space Station Isolate recovery locations on the International Space Station. Isolates (denoted 1-4) were recovered from the United States Lab and Node 3. Toilets (T) are located in Zvezda (Service Module) and Tranquility (Node 3). Figure 1 from Bryan et al. Front. Microbiol., 11 January 2021 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.515319 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660078834015-Q0ETHISKUWSFJ30JZRFW/Entero_image2_summary.png Research: All Projects - Entero - Project Summary The Entero project includes two flight projects and one ground-based research project, respectively, GEARS, EnteroGAIT, and AERES. https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/exoarid monthly 0.5 2025-05-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660081560636-DDM6O8RNQZ070CQPYGP5/ExoArid_image_overview.png Research: All Projects - ExoArid - ExoArid Overview Impacts of desiccation and potential adaptations. Adapted from Lebre et al. (2017). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660081561026-3287EUCT419E52KNVW3V/ExoArid_image_YungaySalt.png Research: All Projects - ExoArid - Atacama Salt One of the most-studied sites in the Atacama Desert, Chile, is Yungay, where you can find extensive salt deposits in the near subsurface. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660081563377-6YAQXKUTCEJ8BELPY0FN/ExoArid_image_Atacama_Rocks.png Research: All Projects - ExoArid - Pop Quiz On what planet and what location was this photo taken? https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/exomethane monthly 0.5 2022-08-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660083868373-M2CFO3LUFY112OHFS7MN/ExoMethane_image_GaleLake.png Research: All Projects - ExoMethane - Habitability of Gale Lake, Mars Example of how genome-scale modeling can be used to assess habitability of a planetary environment. Here we demonstrated (see preprint) microbial habitability of the early Mars lacustrine environment sustained by iron redox cycling. In the new work, we will extend this approach to methane production on Mars and Enceladus. https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/vlf monthly 0.5 2025-05-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660158139700-31YQ0P66UREL7Q5DYKLF/Venus_Pioneer_1979.png Research: All Projects - Morning Star - Venus absorbs in the ultraviolet The atmosphere of Venus as viewed in ultraviolet by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter in 1979. The cause of the dark streaks in the clouds is not yet known [Wikipedia]. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660158233245-JIKJ0KU41HKWFJYUL4UD/VLF_Venus_Photon_Crop.png Research: All Projects - Morning Star - Rocket Lab Interplanetary Photon With Photon demonstrated as part of NASA’s CAPSTONE mission to the Moon, Rocket Lab is developing an interplanetary Photon for the Venus probe and beyond. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660158138982-L119ZXE5T2NS9UZ509QE/VLF_Venus_atmosphere.png Research: All Projects - Morning Star - Venus Atmospheric Chemistry Clouds on Venus are permanent, continuous, and vertically extensive. Illustrated molecules are relevant to habitability or life. Atom colors: H=white; C=grey; P=orange; O=red; N=blue; S=yellow. Adapted from J. Petkowska. https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/insitu monthly 0.5 2025-05-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660169191812-5Q1C2P17JECCWAQVQS8J/InSitu_Greenland_GoogleEarth.png Research: All Projects - InSitu - Field Location: Greenland A new 150 m ice core will be drilled at Summit Camp, Greenland. Credit: Google Earth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660169191040-YH11SB0RF55PK92YM871/InSitu_Melter.png Research: All Projects - InSitu - Ice Core Melter Continuous Flow Analysis (CFA) System Schematic of the early (2002) coupled ice-core melter, CFA and ICP-MS systems. The ice-core melter is located in a cold room and the CFA and ICP-MS systems in adjacent wet chemistry and class-100 clean laboratories, respectively. Reprinted with permission from McConnell et al. Environ Sci Technol 2002, 36, 1, 7-11, Figure 1. Copyright 2002, American Chemical Society. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660169191933-C8NNEJTN41KBE7VG2U4Q/InSitu_GoogleEarth_SummitCamp.png Research: All Projects - InSitu - Field Location: Detail View Summit Camp, Greenland. Credit: Google Earth. https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/oast monthly 0.5 2025-05-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660071446770-0CJFMC9D5J2RX5Y670W1/OAST_v1_image.png Research: All Projects - OAST - OAST Logo Through Oceans Across Space and Time (OAST) we aim to understand how ocean worlds and their biospheres co-evolve to produce detectable signals of a past or present living world. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660071736599-N09I3IDT9665JHBMMG0H/OAST_v1_image_SBSW_MgCl2.png Research: All Projects - OAST - South Bay Salt Works (SBSW) Sampling a magnesium chloride dominated brine pool at the South Bay Salt Works (SBSW), South Bay, San Diego. Here the water activity is below that compatible with life as we know it. https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/dsrg monthly 0.5 2025-05-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660173975412-9E06WV4YVQ7J31A5C9MN/DSRG_logo.png Research: All Projects - DSRG - Deep Space Radiation Genomics (DSRG) Patch design credit: Pamela Flores, Marta Cortesao, and Bonnie Fukazawa. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660173975593-QT83VV1XXU1EHQSLLK3E/DSRG_flowpath.png Research: All Projects - DSRG - PLASM Hardware Flowpath for Yeast Growth in Space One of three PLASM fluidic systems, each consisting of one Media Bag (launched with growth medium), one peristaltic pump, and four Culture Bags. Each Culture bag includes a checkvalve to ensure no cross-talk between samples. At launch, each Culture Bag includes a single capsule containing the lyophilized yeast deletion or overexpression series. To activate the experiment, PLASM's pumps will transfer equal amounts of growth medium into the Culture Bags. Fig. 1 from Zea et al. 2022 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660173976353-K01CGGXND0L5TKMLH2K2/DSRG_Artemis1.png Research: All Projects - DSRG - NASA's Artemis 1 PLASM will launch onboard the first NASA’s Artemis I flight, a planned uncrewed mission to validate a human-rated Orion capsule and venture into cis-lunar space in preparation for future deep space human exploration. https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/nerpe monthly 0.5 2025-05-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660229319228-Z8XBGT0JN24K38ZMQTA3/NERPE_ribosome.png Research: All Projects - NERPE - Ribosome, an RNA machine that provides evidence for an ancient RNA world A ribosome is an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The ribosome reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins. Caption and image credit: https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Ribosome https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660229318404-HQCNH08BE80PFF850A35/NERPE_extension.png Research: All Projects - NERPE - Non-enzymatic RNA Primer Extension (NERPE) Non-enzymatic RNA primer extension is a model system for how RNA may have copied itself during the early evolution of life in the absence of enzymes. The construct used in our project uses an RNA hairpin, caged bases (Xs), and a handle block, to facilitate deep sequencing. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660229319523-S7MMHBW9SQORL9LF66O2/NERPE_analysis.png Research: All Projects - NERPE - Bioinformatic Analysis of NERPE Products Our process and software converts RNA molecules (A) to double-stranded DNA molecules (B) for sequencing and performs analysis to infer, with error checking, the original RNA bases, assess copying fidelity, and more (C, D). Figure 3 from Duzdevich et al. 2020. See original figure for a more complete description. https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/exosalt monthly 0.5 2025-05-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660256665573-ACEO89Y3YPFO2CNM1763/ExoSalt_saltcrust.png Research: All Projects - ExoSalt - Microbes can live in salt In these salty lakes, microbes are found in brines, salts, sediments, and ice. Here, photosynthetic microbes can be seen within the salt crust. Microbes specialize to their specific environment, so the microbial community is completely different in the dark sediment, where oxygen is deleted. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660256667116-G7E6YEHKX0300KTW6SAM/ExoSalt_BL2.png Research: All Projects - ExoSalt - Basque Lake 2, Interior British Columbia, Canada Basque Lake 2 is a fascinating example of a sulfate dominated hypersaline lake. Recent glaciation in interior British Columbia, Canada, produced many areas for water to collect that do not have outlets. This, combined with local geological weathering and dry conditions facilitate evaporation and concentration of salts. Thus, many lakes are found with a range of salt conditions. Some of these, like Basque Lake 2, have an unusual spotted appearance. We have collected selected samples of brine, sediment, and ice (in the winter) and analyzed them for amino acids, lipids, ATP, and nucleic acids to understand the microbial communities in these analogs of ancient Mars. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660256668232-4LITE3QA764IP90GAPKP/ExoSalt_SaltLake.png Research: All Projects - ExoSalt - Fieldwork Sampling in these lakes is extremely challenging due to the need to core through ice (in the winter) and salt while not sinking into sediment. Here, Co-Is Pontefract and Osburn are sampling while standing on a wood plank beneath the surface of the water. Once the sediment is stirred up, it cannot be seen, only felt. https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/setg monthly 0.5 2022-08-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660244891471-WT6QHUS5EDMGMXA4BGVH/setg_logo.jpg Research: All Projects - SETG - SETG Science Overview The Search for Extra-Terrestrial Genomes (SETG) instrument will seek evidence of whether life on Mars, if it exists, is related to life on Earth. Life may have been transported between Earth and Mars due to large impact events. It is estimated that over 1 billion tons of rock has been transported in a non-sterilizing manner. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660244893070-B35U7ETSUERCZGYIEE2M/SETG_overview.png Research: All Projects - SETG - SETG Technical Overview SETG will target life as we know it, specifically nucleic acids. After a mission-specific front-end, nucleic acids such as DNA, RNA, or so-called Xeno nucleic acids (XNA) will be extracted and analyzed using single molecule nanopore sequencing. Detected sequences can be compared to the sequence space of all known life to identify shared ancestry or (forward) contamination from Earth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660244895015-FCQHMR4QGYUYVTEI2KKL/SETG_sequencing_parabolic_flight.png Research: All Projects - SETG - Nanopore sequencing at Mars, Europa, and microgravity conditions As part of the SETG project, we performed single molecule nanopore sequencing under Mars, Europa, and microgravity conditions simulated during parabolic flight, in which an aircraft flies trajectories that produce reduced gravity. This work demonstrated that nanopore sequencing is robust to vibration, an important finding for sequencing on a future Mars rover or other planetary mission, as well as on any vehicle on Earth. This work was published in Carr et al. npj Microgravity 2020. Image Credit: Steve Boxall, Zero Gravity Corporation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660244895599-GOOCWZW1KHGV9TTSVVHE/SETG_sequencing_on_Mars.png Research: All Projects - SETG - Sequencing on Mars We simulated Mars temperature and pressure in a thermal vacuum chamber and demonstrated that single molecule nanopore sequencing could be carried out under Mars-like conditions. Published in CE Carr et al. Aerospace Conference, 2019 IEEE. March 2-9, Big Sky, MT, USA. Paper 2860. doi:10.1109/AERO.2019.8741543 https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/aging monthly 0.5 2022-08-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660573499580-6GS8E4MIIHVM9NWV8AXA/Aging_overview.png Research: All Projects - Metabolism & Aging - Aging and Metabolism Overview Our work has focused on using the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which shares ~50% of its gene with humans, as a genetic screening tool, and applying statistical and model-based analyses to work characteristics and worm and human demography. Upper left: high throughput microscopy slide. Upper right: automated microscopy pipeline. Lower left: Example worm stained with oil-red-O for visualizing lipids. Lower right: Mortality curves derived from human demography. https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/humans monthly 0.5 2022-08-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660573798667-O6ZNAFV45EFLBZRNG0UU/NASA_DesertRats.png Research: All Projects - Human Performance - Extravehicular Activity NASA Test of future space suit technologies near Meteor Crater, Arizona. Credit: Mark Sowa, JSC. https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/category/Fieldwork monthly 0.5 https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/category/Active monthly 0.5 https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/category/Completed monthly 0.5 https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/category/Instrumentation monthly 0.5 https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/category/Flight+Project monthly 0.5 https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/category/Research monthly 0.5 https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/tag/Fieldwork monthly 0.5 https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/tag/Active monthly 0.5 https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/tag/Completed monthly 0.5 https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/tag/Instrumentation monthly 0.5 https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/tag/Flight+Project monthly 0.5 https://www.pxl.earth/research-all/tag/Research monthly 0.5 https://www.pxl.earth/people daily 0.75 2025-05-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1636346131600-BJ9SOEPQYLWNVQ0FCWC2/chris_2015.png Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1636347500218-DLNY70J965A3GRGPFBSB/McKaig.png Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1636347741873-QGALGH0ALYNRETESXFWX/Ramirez-Colon.png Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1643651917046-RQAJ80A5TSUGTG1ZO1YZ/Uttoreo+Saha+-+Uttoreo+Saha+headshot.jpg Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1643651973549-3TFBTB9F4LHWIOQK1FM2/Cassius+Tunis+-+lab_headshot.jpg Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/489fabb2-abd2-471a-a92e-139c6fe790cb/Snigdha+Nellutla+-+headshot.JPG Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/0fa213f5-f9b3-49ea-8c62-4bf74e7d2f24/Nina+Phelan+-+Nina+Phelan+headshot.jpg Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/7b109953-d65e-463b-9bb1-af45c4cbfa49/Alfonso+Lagares+de+Toledo+-+GTfall2021-1274.jpg Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/52d37cc8-ccf8-4f43-bd6a-313e714e8173/Karthik.png Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/6988ab6a-48ad-4687-bae7-9454a561cec9/Panda.png Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/a07f309d-7066-448b-912f-5aeaf98c3f27/Milad_Mozayyani.jpg Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/ca2665b0-9c99-43e5-987c-d679ae3c124e/Yana+Charoenboonvivat.jpg Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/0ccfc936-b2ca-4ac0-96c1-76b5436878e2/Kieran+Choi-Slattery+-+Career_Fair_Headshot.jpg Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/db4ae23c-a27b-46d0-bf21-e97197bbf504/Ziqin+%28Grace%29+Ni+-+ProfilePic+Resized.jpeg Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/16915846-c645-4c80-9abe-4a0bfa1f23ce/Mirza+Samnani.jpg Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/ce48ece4-cbad-4753-b8cb-2c03067755b7/Satya+Pandya+-+IMG-3939+Crop.jpeg Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1636346561390-YUT7LNRV91ZPHD4FH4QC/Moore.png Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1636347436649-YSJDQYZV3K25W8EEQOF9/Chipps.png Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1643651845534-360YCFTJ8IU0AZWYA52Q/Emma+Johnson+-+Headshot_Emma_Johnson.jpg Lab Members https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/611c373406bc8501cdd95db9/1660080673370-3JWC3MMG953L7LRED8AF/Stas+Kowalski.png 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